Environment

Environment contain all of  air, water and land, and the inter relationship that exist among themselves and with the human being, other organisms and property, Literally,  the environment include everything present around an organism. So environment includes abiotic environment ( like air, water, soil etc . )   as well as  biotic environment is made up of two parts first is environ means  surround or encase so the whole word environment means encasement or  surrounding. 

Environmental studies is the branch of science which which involves the study of all aspects of environment. Environmental studies need the help of a number of branches Example. 

Botany provides us valuable information on various aspects of plants like their habitat,role of forests, their relationship with atmosphere, land and water bodies etc.

Zoology informs us about various aspects of animals like their habitat, their relationship with plants etc.

These are biotic components of environment. Abiotic components are physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, law etc. So we can say that environmental study is multi-disciplinary subject. 

Mendeleev's periodic table

Mendeleev's periodic law helped him to develop a table called Mendeleev's periodic table. The table has been divided into vertical columns called Groups and horizontal rows which are known as periods. These are briefly discussed as follows: 

Groups. These are verticals columns. There are in eight groups. The elements present in first seven groups are called Normal elements. The elements present in group eight are called transition elements. Each group has been further divided into sub groups which are called A and B. All elements are placed in a groups have same valency. All elements present in a sub group have the similar properties. The inert gas or noble gas were not known at that time. Therefore, they were not shown in the table. 

Periods. These are horizontal rows called periods. There were in all six periods in the original  table. The seventh period was added later on and this is not shown in the periodic table. The properties of the elements present in a period change systematically. For example,  in every period,  the first element is a typical metal. As we move from left to right, the metallic character gradually decreases and non-metallic character increases. 

Calcium in trigger for muscle contraction

Calcium plays an important biochemical role as a trigger for muscle contraction. In the state of rest, the levels of calcium near the muscle fibres are very low since almost all the calium ions in muscle are pumped into a complex network of vehicles called sarcoplasmic reticulum or SR. The calcium ion trigger muscle contraction. Two different regulatory systems are found in different muscles. In actin- linked regulation troponin and tropomyosin regulate actin by blocking sites on actin required for conplex formation with myosin ; In myosin- linked regulation sites on myosin are blocked in the absence of calcium. Many invertebrates have muscles with both types of regulation.

Nerve impulses induce the SR membrane to release large amounts of calcium quickly. Calcium is the intermediary between the nerve impulse and muscle contraction. Relaxation of the muscle demands reduction in calium level to their level of rest. This is accompained by an ATP- driven calcium transport protein called calium -ATPase. Calcium ATPase is an integral part of calcium pump just as Na+ - K+ ATPase is an integral part of Na+ - K+ pump. The calcium ATPase is transcently phosphorylated by ATPase is the case with Na+ -K+ pump. Thus we can say calcium plays an important biochemical /biological role as a trigger for muscle contraction. 

Water harvesting

The emphasis is on soil and water conservation in water supply management so that 'bio-quantity' production can be increased.  Its main objective is to develop primary sources of land and water, production of secondary resource plants and animals in such a way that ecological balance is not created.  Water supply management not only increases the production and income of the water supply community but also pacifies droughts and floods and also increases the service life of lower dams and reservoirs.  Many organizations are reviving ancient water conservation systems that can become an alternative to large projects such as dams.  These communities have developed hundreds of water conservation methods through which every drop on the earth can be conserved.  Such as digging small pits, constructing lakes, setting up of ordinary water logging system, making small dams of soil, making sand and limestone collectors and collecting water from the roofs of the house.  This increases the ground water level and also revives the river.Water harvesting is a very old concept in India.  Khadin, big pot and pulse in Rajasthan, Bandhars and Tal in Maharashtra, Bandhas in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Ahar and Pine in Bihar, Kulh in Himachal Pradesh, Pond in Kandi area of ​​Jammu and Tunis in Tamil Nadu, Tunisam in Kerala,  Ancient water harvesting and water transport structures like katta etc. are still in use in Karnataka.  Water harvesting techniques are local and also benefit local / limited area.  By giving control of water conservation to the local residents, inefficient management and over-exploitation of these resources can be reduced or completely eliminated.Water storage sites in large flat terrain, mainly crescent mud pits or low-lying, drains that are completely filled in the rainy season are 'check dams' on natural waterways made by concrete or small pebble stones.  Due to the blockage of these small dams, the monsoon water behind them fills in the ponds.  Only large reservoirs have water throughout the year.  But in small reservoirs, this water stays for 6 months or even less, after which it dries up.  Their main purpose is not water harvesting but to improve the water level.  Water has many benefits of conservation in the form of ground water.  There are many benefits from ground water.  It does not evaporate, but it spreads to the surroundings, providing moisture to the vegetation over a large area.  Apart from this, there is also no problem of mosquito breeding.  Ground water is relatively safe from contamination of human and animal waste unlike water stored in lakes ponds.

Human Brain

Human Brain, Is spinal cord function only reversible?  Certainly not, because we know that we are thinking beings.  The spinal cord is made up of nerves that provide

information for thinking. Thinking involves more complex mechanisms and neural connections.  They are concentrated in the brain which is the main coordination center of the body.  The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.  They receive information from all parts of the body and integrate it.  We also think about our actions.  Writing, talking, turning a chair, clapping at the end of a program, etc. are examples of optional actions that are based on the decision of what to do next.  Therefore, the brain also has to send messages to muscles.  This is the second route in which the nervous system sends communication to muscles.  The peripheral nervous system facilitates communication to the central nervous system and other parts of the body, which is composed of spinal nerves originating from the spinal cord to the cranial nerves originating from the brain.  Thus the brain Granting permission to think and allowing action to be based on thinking. 

The main thinking part of the brain is the forebrain.  It has areas to receive sensory impulses (notifications) from different receptors.  See different areas of the forebrain.  Specialized for flipping, viewing, etc.  In this, there are different areas of companionship where these sensory information, information received from other receptors and information already collected in the brain is interpreted.  Based on all of this, a decision is made on how to deliver feedback and information to the stimulating area that controls the speed of voluntary muscle, such as our leg muscles.  Although some sensations in nature are more complex than seeing and hearing, how do we know that we have eaten enough food?  Our stomach is full.  There is a hunger-related center for knowing which is a separate part in the forebrain.  Study the eponymous picture of the human brain.  We have seen that different parts have specific functions.  Find out the work of each part by consulting your teacher.  Let us also see the second usage of the word 'reflex' as we discussed in the beginning.  When we see any food item that we like, then our mouth suddenly gets watery.  Even if we don't think about heart pulsing, it will happen.  In fact, we cannot easily control these actions by thinking about them or even by wanting them.  Do we have to think or remember to breathe or to digest food?  So, between normal reflexes like change in pupil size and a thoughtful action such as moving a chair, there is another set of muscle motion over which we have no control.  Many of these involuntary actions are controlled by the midbrain and hindbrain.  They are all involuntary.  Perform activities such as blood pressure, salivation and vomit controlled by medla located in the hindbrain such as walking in a straight line, cycling, lifting a pencil.  These parts of the hindbrain are possible only by the cerebellum, which is responsible for the purification of the ronic functions and the condition and balance of the body. What if we are not thinking about them and all these events stop working?

As you would expect from the various parts of the brain, this is accomplished by a complex design from the parts of the brain that integrate different input and output information.  There would be three such main parts or regions in the brain.  .  The names are forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The main thinking part of the brain is the forebrain.  It has areas to receive sensory impulses (notifications) from different receptors.  See different areas of the forebrain.  Specialized for flipping, viewing, etc.  In this, there are different areas of companionship where these sensory information, information received from other receptors and information already collected in the brain is interpreted.  Based on all of this, a decision is made on how to deliver feedback and information to the stimulating area that controls the speed of voluntary muscle, such as our leg muscles.  Although some sensations in nature are more complex than seeing and hearing, how do we know that we have eaten enough food?  Our stomach is full.  There is a hunger-related center for knowing which is a separate part in the forebrain.  Study the eponymous picture of the human brain.  We have seen that different parts have specific functions.  Find out the work of each part by consulting your teacher.  Let us also see the second usage of the word 'reflex' as we discussed in the beginning.  When we see any food item that we like, then our mouth suddenly gets watery.  Even if we don't think about heart pulsing, it will happen.  In fact, we cannot easily control these actions by thinking about them or even by wanting them.  Do we have to think or remember to breathe or to digest food?  So, between normal reflexes like change in pupil size and a thoughtful action such as moving a chair, there is another set of muscle motion over which we have no control.  Many of these involuntary actions are controlled by the midbrain and hindbrain.  They are all involuntary.  Perform activities such as blood pressure, salivation and vomit controlled by medla located in the hindbrain such as walking in a straight line, cycling, lifting a pencil.  These parts of the hindbrain are possible only by the cerebellum, which is responsible for the purification of the ronic functions and the condition and balance of the body. What if we are not thinking about them and all these events stop working? 

World Biodiversity Day

'World Biodiversity Day' is an international festival.  Biodiversity is said to be the diversity and inequality of all organisms and ecosystems.  Definition: Differentiation is the biodiversity between organisms present in, or related to, systems in ground, ocean and other aquatic ecosystems.  India is one of the 17 countries with the highest biodiversity in the world, of which about 70 percent of the world's biodiversity exists.  Two of the world's 25 active centers of biodiversity are in the eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats in India.  World Biodiversity Day or World Biodiversity Conservation Day is celebrated annually on 22 May 'throughout the world.  

It is an international festival.  It was started by the United Nations.  Biodiversity is called the diversity and inequality of all organisms and ecosystems.  According to the 1992 Biodiversity Convention in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the definition of biodiversity is as follows:.  Ground, ocean and others.  Found in systems present in or related to aquatic ecosystems.  The variation between known organisms is biodiversity.  Biodiversity is very important in life.  We have to create an environment that is rich in biodiversity, sustainable and can provide opportunities for economic activities.  Due to lack of biodiversity, the risk of natural calamities like: floods, droughts and storms is increased.  Therefore, conservation of biodiversity is very important for us.  Life exists on earth as millions of distinct biological and many species and our life is a unique gift of nature.  This decision was taken at the Biodiversity Conference held on 29 December 1992 in Nairobi.  It specifically aims to make aware about the importance of biodiversity and the dangers of non-availability of it by displaying the protection of forests, culture, art crafts of life, music, clothing - food, importance of medicinal plants etc.  

We are all familiar with the commercial importance of biodiversity, food, medicines, fuels, industrial raw materials, silk, leather, wool etc.  Its ecological importance can be seen as maintaining the ecological balance of food chain, maintaining soil fertility, disposing of biologically rotting things etc.  Apart from this, biodiversity has social, moral and other direct and indirect importance, which is important for us.